{"id":1939,"date":"2016-04-27T04:00:47","date_gmt":"2016-04-27T08:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.woodturningpens.com\/?p=1373"},"modified":"2021-03-26T23:18:22","modified_gmt":"2021-03-27T03:18:22","slug":"1373-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.woodturningpens.com\/1373-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Dalmata"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Geographic Distribution<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The wood most commonly sold as Dalmata is known to many botanists as Swartzia<\/em> arborescens<\/em>. However, some sources claim that this identification is incorrect and outdated and the correct botanical designation should be Cynometra<\/em> spruceana<\/em>. Not being a botanist I can’t speak to this controversy but I can say that the relatively limited information written for the general public, i.e. non-botanists, generally refers to the wood as S. arborescens<\/em>. So, that’s the controversy, if interested, but I can’t imagine that most of my readers much care.<\/p>\n

For what it is worth, Cynometra<\/em> is a genus with well over 50 species included. Cynometra<\/em> has a pantropical distribution, being found throughout the tropical regions of the world across multiple continents.<\/p>\n

Swartzia<\/em>, on the other hand, contains over 200 named species and is restricted, although obviously quite prolific, to the New World tropics, being especially prevalent in Amazonia, where 10-20 different Swartzia<\/em> species, ranging from shrubs to canopy trees, may be present at a single site. Several different species of Swartzia<\/em> are relatively common tropical woods encountered in the United States, including woods commonly sold as Wamara (Guyana Rosewood), Queenwood, Katalox, and Pau Rosa. With the possible exception of Wamara, I have samples of all of these Swartzia species woods in my workshop.<\/p>\n

\"Dalmata<\/a>

Dalmata Interior<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

Regardless of whether you call it Cynometra<\/em> or Swartzia<\/em>, the wood sold to me as Dalmata originated in South America. It grows in and is harvested from the following countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. The best odds are that my sample of the wood was harvested in Peru, but it could also have been obtained from Guyana or Brazil. The other nations in the growth region either export limited amounts of timber, or only limited amounts to the United States although they may export significant quantities to other countries. For example most exports of timber from French Guiana go to France or elsewhere in the European Union with very little, if any, product reaching the United States despite geographic proximity.<\/p>\n

From this point onward, for sake of simplicity and common understanding, I will refer to C. spruceana <\/em>or S.arborescens <\/em>simply as Dalmata.<\/p>\n

General Characteristics<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The information readily available about Dalmata is comparatively sparse.<\/p>\n

The heartwood of Dalmata presents as a medium reddish brown but what makes it interesting and appealing are the dark brown to black streaks and veining that are almost always present.<\/p>\n

I can find no reference to the color, appearance, thickness, or demarcation character of the sapwood of Dalmata.<\/p>\n

The grain of Dalmata is general spiral or interlocked and we would expect this to impact the workability of the species. Dalmata presents a medium to fine texture.<\/p>\n

Dalmata endgrain is diffuse and porous, with the pores being of medium to large size. As is not uncommon with tropical hardwoods of similar density and hardness to Dalmata, mineral deposits are commonly found and are readily visible in the endgrain sections.<\/p>\n

Dalmata has not been formally rated for resistance to rot or to insects but woods of similar density and hardness tend to be very resistant to both although not always resistant to marine borers. However, for the applications of Dalmata most common outside of its native areas I can’t imagine that this would matter much.<\/p>\n

Working Characteristics<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The working character of Dalmata is completely informed by the hardness and density of the wood as well as the interlocked nature of the grain.<\/p>\n

In a word, Dalmata is difficult to work with. Tools must be incredibly sharp, and fresh carbide bits will yield the best results. One should expect standard cutting tools, including saw blades, to be quickly dulled when cutting Dalmata.<\/p>\n

While Dalmata isn’t in the top 10 densest woods, it is certainly on the higher end of the scale. Likewise, there are certainly woods that are harder, as measured on the Janka scale, than Dalmata, but at over 2,600 lbs of force it is over twice as hard as White Oak.<\/p>\n

The interlocked grain of Dalmata will make many machining operations, especially the use of a planer, difficult due to tear out. Again, very sharp tools are essential as is patience. When working with such a hard, dense, and interlocked wood as Dalmata, patience may in fact be the most useful, if not in fact critical, tool that you bring to the experience.<\/p>\n

For all of its difficulties in other aspects of wood working, Dalmata is known as an excellent turning wood. Oft-times, particularly hard and dense woods prove to be excellent for the purposes of turning even if they present difficulties in other wood working operations. All the better for those of us with lathes.<\/p>\n

Some sources claim that Dalmata exhibits no specific scent or odor but I would argue otherwise. I found that in working with my piece of Dalmata I could readily detect a slightly spicy and sweet scent not uncommonly associated with many of the hardwoods of South America.<\/p>\n

If you purchase Dalmata green, be aware that it is notoriously difficult to dry in either a kiln or in the air. It is extremely prone to extensive checking although it doesn’t warp a great deal. But the extensive checking could be heartbreaking when you at first thought you had a beautiful piece of material. I speak from sad experience.<\/p>\n

\"Dalmata<\/a>

Dalmata Reverse<\/p><\/div>\n

Pricing and Availability<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dalmata has a somewhat limited availability. When it is sold it is usually only as short boards or as turning stock sizes. Dalmata commands a price in the moderately expensive range.<\/p>\n

I always recommend both West Penn Hardwoods<\/a> and Bell Forest Products<\/a> as excellent sources of both domestic and exotic hardwoods. I have had multiple dealings with both vendors and have always been very satisfied.<\/p>\n

West Penn Hardwoods offers Dalmata in several sizes of thin dimensional lumber as well as bowl and spindle blanks. The largest bowl blank on offer is 8”x8”x3” and that retails for approximately $30.<\/p>\n

At this time, Bell Forest Products is not offering Dalmata for sale, but inventories frequently change, so it might be worthwhile to check back occasionally.<\/p>\n

A vendor that is relatively new to me, WoodTurningz <\/a>of Indiana, also offers Dalmata at this time. Despite the cutesy name, which tends to annoy me, this company does offer a decent selection of bowl blanks although the focus of their business seems to be pen making. I have found a few species from this outfit which I have not found from any other vendor. They provided me with good products and excellent service so I can certainly recommend them.<\/p>\n

WoodTurningz is offering one size of Dalmata bowl blank, 6”x6”x3” for $17.55, which is a sale price with the regular price being $19.50. To be honest, for the same size blank, West Penn Hardwoods is a better deal, but one would have to compare shipping costs to be certain.<\/p>\n

Dalmata proves to be a relatively difficult wood to find for sale but there are without doubt other suppliers, including at least one on Ebay<\/a>, a source I am generally suspicious of. In this one case especially beware that the shipping cost almost equals the cost of the wood, so you would, in the end, pay $80 for an 8”x8”x5” piece. ALWAYS beware shipping costs on Ebay, to say nothing of other concerns, about which more later.<\/p>\n

Woodfinder <\/a>is an excellent website that is dedicated to advertising exotic wood dealers. In your search for Dalmata, this can be an invaluable resource provided you use multiple search terms to capture all the possible listings. I can’t speak to the quality of any of the listed dealers, but Woodfinder does have the advantage of allowing searches to be performed based on location which might allow an interested buyer to visit a listed wood dealer in person to hand pick pieces at a comfortable price.<\/p>\n

A significant problem with using Woodfinder is that many vendors are listed for woods that, upon further investigation, they do not offer. I don’t know if perhaps once they did and they didn’t update their listings or if some vendors use a standardized list of woods that include most everything conceivable with the idea that once you land on their page you will find something you want to buy even if you didn’t know it beforehand. I end up buying stuff that way all the time.<\/p>\n

In the case of Dalmata, Woodfinder worked perfectly. A search returns only one known vendor: West Penn Hardwoods.<\/p>\n

Uses<\/strong><\/h2>\n

As is often the case with exotic and expensive tropical hardwoods that are difficult to work and only available in relatively small sizes, the uses of Dalmata are predictably limited. The most common applications of Dalmata are in turned objects such as bowls, pens, and lidded boxes; inlaid boxes such as jewelry boxes; and knife handles. Other small specialty items may be made of Dalmata; for example, I have seen rings carved from Dalmata for sale.<\/p>\n

Sustainability<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dalmata is not listed as being in any way threatened or endangered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendices<\/a> nor does it appear on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.<\/a><\/p>\n

Dalmata is not subject to special restrictions by any United States government agency.<\/p>\n

The fact that Dalmata is not listed by a conservation agency or restricted by any government agency does not necessarily mean that it is in good supply. It could simply mean that the wood is uncommon outside of its native area, is a relative newcomer to the tropical lumber markets and that its actual conservation status is unknown. Dalmata in particular is a wood that is very new to the markets of the United States with most all of it coming from Peru, a nation that is in the beginning stages of exploiting its Amazonian timber stocks with little to no oversight from conservation agencies or even from the Peruvian government itself, which is rife with corruption and lax application of what environmental legislation does exist.<\/p>\n

I realize that inherent in working with wood is the killing of a part of the natural world that may be slow to return and if I become deeply concerned about this fact, I will have to find a new hobby. I hope that such a time does not come to pass or at least not any time soon. I am also very confident that the vendor from whom I purchased my stocks of Sassafras sourced their material legally and responsibly. In part because I am concerned about legally and responsibly obtained wood, I am reluctant to buy from sellers outside of well-established and known vendors. I am highly unlikely, for example, to purchase exotic wood from auction sites, such as Ebay, because of uncertain sourcing and documentation, as well as the potential, even likelihood, of material being misidentified in order to achieve a higher selling price.<\/p>\n

However, due to the commercial scarcity of some exotic imported wood species, resorting to auction sites such as Ebay or Etsy <\/a>may be the only way to obtain samples of species that are not routinely commercially harvested. The potential risks of buying in these marketplaces have to be balanced against the desire to work with a specific species of wood. That is inherently an individual decision.<\/p>\n

I also realize that many, if not most, wood workers do not have endangered species lists memorized, therefore I think it worthwhile and important to do even a small amount of research before purchasing any lumber, domestic as well as imported, to be certain of the potential impact you are having, even in a small way, on threatened or endangered populations. This information is easy to come by and takes only minutes to locate through any Internet search engine, including those you can access on your phone as you are standing in the lumber yard or store. Unfortunately, you simply cannot count on a vendor to tell you a product they are selling is endangered.<\/p>\n

\"Dalmata<\/a>

Dalmata Bowl<\/p><\/div>\n

Health Hazards<\/strong><\/h2>\n

According to some expert sources, there has been no negative health effects associated with exposure to Dalmata. However, other expert sources report that the dust from Dalmata is well known to cause skin and respiratory irritation among South American mill workers who process the raw green wood. Perhaps the effects are diminished with smaller exposure doses from wood that has dried to some extent.  Regardless, the long-term negative effects of exposure to sawdust of any species are well documented.<\/p>\n

Appropriate protective equipment is always recommended when working with this, or any other, wood, exotic or domestic, unless you have worked with the species before and are certain you are not sensitive to it.<\/p>\n

Complete information about health hazards<\/a> associated with a wide variety of exotic hardwoods is available from The Wood Database<\/a>. Additional information about how to best use a dust collection system and personal protective equipment, such as respirators, can also be found through this excellent and comprehensive resource<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, I experienced no negative side effects when working with Dalmata, aside from a certain degree of frustration.<\/p>\n

My Personal Experiences<\/strong><\/h2>\n

I purchased my piece of Dalmata from West Penn Hardwoods in April of 2014. I allowed the waxed piece to dry for over a year before cutting it, confident that surely it would have air dried over that period of time. I marked a round on the 6” square by 3” thick blank and cut it on the bandsaw as part of batch process of cutting various blanks to size, after which I stacked them on my workbench awaiting turning.<\/p>\n

At the time I cut the Dalmata it was obvious that it was hard but it was also a beautifully streaked piece of dark wood. I was apprehensive about turning it because of the hardness but also excited to see what it would look like when turned as it has been my experience that even the most unpromising pieces of material can experience a magical transformation once turned and this piece was already attractive.<\/p>\n

However, when I later checked the piece of Dalmata that I had cut, I was dismayed to discover that it was heavily checked around ¾ of the round. Although I had not detected any moisture when I cut the blank, clearly the piece was NOT dry and the accelerated drying that happened once the waxed surfaces were removed by cutting caused the wood to check extensively.<\/p>\n

I do not know of any certain way to determine if any one piece of exotic hardwood that is purchased waxed, and therefore presumably in some state of greenness, is dry. Moisture meters, including one that I have, can only detect surface moisture to the very limited depth of small pins that are inserted into the wood. I have heard of modified meters that use nails of multiple inches in length to detect moisture in the interior of thicker pieces of wood, but the resulting hole would have to be resealed to prevent excessive moisture loss and, depending on the ultimate purpose of the piece in question, such invasive measures could ruin the piece anyway.<\/p>\n

What I have now undertaken to do whenever I receive new wood, exotic or domestic, that is not known to me to be kiln dried, a rare situation by the way, is to label the wood with common name, date received, and supplier. Had I done this with the Dalmata I would at least have realized that the wood had not been in stock for as long as I presumed and I would have been much less likely to assume it to be dry and to cut it.<\/p>\n

The second step that I am now taking, on the advice of my Dad, is to weigh each piece, mark the weight and date on the blank, and then reweigh the piece over time before cutting it. If the wood ceases to lose weight over months of time it is likely to be dry. Air-drying some very dense hardwoods can take many years, so if you want to work with some of the very hard species you might need to start air-drying them up to five years, or more, before starting your project. That really requires thinking ahead.<\/p>\n

Lately I have also experimented with green turning and I have written about that elsewhere. For our purposes here I will only note two things: I have noted the date and weight of the rough turned piece in wax pencil on each rough turned item, and I completely sealed each rough turned piece in AnchorSeal to help slow and control the drying. That said, even AnchorSeal may not be able to prevent checking in all woods, especially in very slow drying dense hardwoods. There is always a risk in green turning or in seasoning wood in any other way, by air or in a kiln.<\/p>\n

I decided that my choices regarding the heavily checked Dalmata were to chuck it in the trash or to try and see what I could make of it since the damage was already done. As my readers likely know, I am extremely reluctant to discard wood because it is less than picture perfect and some of my favorite pieces feature checking as an added bonus instead of a drawback. I really think it all depends on your perspective.<\/p>\n

So, I mounted the piece on a face plate and turned it completely round and then cut the divot in the bottom of the piece that would hold the Nova Chuck<\/a>. As usual, almost all of the cutting was done with the carbide tipped Easy Wood Tools<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Dalmata cuts slowly, as would be expected, and very sharp tools are required to achieve a nice cut, but once you have nice sharp tools and a controlled cut the wood cuts extremely fine, except on the cross-grain sections where the grain is lifted by the action of the tools. Extremely light passes will go a long way to reducing this problem but ultimately the nature of the cut, or rather I should say scrape, of the Easy Wood Tools, as opposed to the true sheer cut of, say, a traditional bowl gouge, will always leave cross-grain areas in need of cleanup sanding.<\/p>\n

With a softer wood, this presents very little difficulty as the wood will sand quite easily, but with a wood as hard and dense as Dalmata be prepared to put in a great deal more work. If you are willing to put in the time, effort, and frankly the multiple pieces of sandpaper required due to the paper quickly gumming up with deposits, then you can be rewarded with an excellent highly lustrous finish. The wood is so hard that even the most extreme of sandpaper grits won’t make too much of an impression, so be patient; you will get there in the end. The use of a rotary sanding attachment on a power drill or a purpose-made attachment for your air-compressor will greatly assist you in this process.<\/p>\n

I routinely sand all my bowls to 800 grit and on a very hard specimen such as Dalmata it really shows. Once the piece was finish sanded it shone as though I had applied a high gloss lacquer finish to the piece even though there was nothing at all on the wood other than just the wood sheen itself. It was a lovely sight.<\/p>\n

I think it was due to the checking that the sidewall cuts were far less stable than the cuts to the base. Because of this instability I left the sidewalls a bit thicker than I often do, but the sidewalls are still below ½ inch all around, which isn’t too bad at all I think.<\/p>\n

I can’t say that I particularly enjoyed working with Dalmata unfortunately. The cross-grain tear-out was pretty extensive no matter what I tried and sanding it out was frankly tedious at some point. There are other equally attractive and dark-streaked woods out there that I have had far easier times working with that I think I would prefer over Dalmata in the future. And, I am troubled by the origins of the wood in the free-for-all environment of the Peruvian Amazon at this time as well and would be a bit more comfortable if the true conservation status of the species were known.<\/p>\n

However, as a reaction to discovering the checking, albeit before actually turning the Dalmata blank to know whether I would like working with it or not, I replaced the blank from West Penn Hardwoods, so now I have another piece of Dalmata to work with in the future whether I like it or not.<\/p>\n

But, given the extremely extended drying times required to air-dry Dalmata, by the time it is comfortably dry enough to turn I may no longer remember that I didn’t enjoy it or perhaps my skills will have improved to the point of those most self-vaunted of all wood-turners who claim that they “never have to sand” any bowl they turn, and if so, then my regrets and reservations over working with Dalmata should be resolved.<\/p>\n

As always, I wish all my readers a great experience in whatever their wood working interests happen to be and to those who like working with lathes especially, do a good turn today.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The fact that Dalmata is not listed by a conservation agency or restricted by any government agency does not necessarily mean that it is in good supply. It could simply mean that the wood is uncommon outside of its native area, is a relative newcomer to the tropical lumber markets and that its actual conservation status is unknown. Dalmata in particular is a wood that is very new to the markets of the United States with most all of it coming from Peru, a nation that is in the beginning stages of exploiting its Amazonian timber stocks with little to no oversight from conservation agencies or even from the Peruvian government itself, which is rife with corruption and lax application of what environmental legislation does exist.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":175,"featured_media":1375,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[135,137,129,138,139,130],"tags":[154,171,176,181,183,188,200,217,226,239,240,241,247],"yoast_head":"\nDalmata - Wood Turning Pens ..<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dalmata is an extremely hard, dense, and attractive dark streaked wood from South America that is difficult to work but which is rewarding for those who try\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.woodturningpens.com\/1373-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dalmata - 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